![]() ![]() For each group of 12 mice, the average REI value was calculated using the simple formula ∑REI i/12 ( i = 1, 2, …, 12). An REI value of 0 indicates no change of wakefulness compared to the Pre data, and a value of 0.2 means 20% increase of wakefulness. Therefore, REI Pos1 = ( T Pos1 – T Pre)/T Pre REI Pos9 = ( T Pos9 – T Pre)/ T Pre. For each mouse, REI at Pos1 or Pos9 is defined as the ratio of the difference of the total wakefulness time at Pos1 ( T Pos1) or Pos9 ( T Pos9) relative to that at Pre ( T Pre) over that at Pre. Next, we developed another criteria for evaluation of the wakefulness change by defining the radiation effect index (REI) for the Pos1 and Pos9 data of the same mouse. Within the Pulse64W group, the wakefulness time at Pos9 is 22.1% more than that at Pre, with a P value of less than 0.001. A scatter plot for individual mouse confirms the increase of wakefulness time for the Pulse64W group ( Fig. The statistically significant increase at Pos9, but not at Pos1, suggests prolonged radiation as the key factor. Compared to the Control, the average time of wakefulness for the Pulse64W group is 16.2% more at Pos9, with a P value of 0.043 ( Fig. In contrast, the average time of wakefulness for the Pulse64W group displays a trend of marked increase: 220.1 ± 7.8 min for Pre, 231.6 ± 10.9 min for Pos1, and 268.8 ± 8.6 min for Pos9. Out of the 12-h sleep period, the average time of wakefulness for the Control group of 12 mice is 234.8 ± 11.1, 229.5 ± 7.3, and 231.3 ± 9.4 min, respectively, for the Pre, Pos1, and Pos9 recordings ( Fig. The processed data at Pre, Pos1, and Pos9 were compared between the Control and the Pulse64W groups. ![]() We first investigated potential effect of the Pulse64W regimen. The third recording begins on day 9, immediately after 7 d of radiation (referred to as “Pos9”). The second recording begins on day 1, immediately after 24 h of radiation (referred to as “Pos1”). ![]() The first recording begins on day −1 and serves as the reference (referred to as “Pre”). Three sets of the polysomnography, each lasting 12 h, were collected ( Fig. The surgery was performed 14 d ahead of data recording (day −14) to allow recovery and habitation. In addition, we planted intracranial electrodes in three regions of the mouse brain: hippocampus, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG), and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPT). To help identify the wakefulness phase of sleep, we planted two electrodes in the neck musculature for electromyography (EMG) and installed an accelerometer in the headstage of each mouse. To record electroencephalogram (EEG), we planted four cranial electrodes in the skull of each mouse. We designed a closed chamber with the EMR antennae on top and a mouse cage at the bottom ( SI Appendix, Fig. Increased incidences of malignant gliomas and schwannomas in male rats appear to be associated with prolonged exposure to modulated EMR at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz ( 13– 15). More recently, EMR was reported to adversely affect the central nervous system, causing sleep disorder ( 9) and learning/memory impairment in humans ( 10), stress and anxiety-like behavior in rats ( 11), and physical/cognitive abnormality ( 12). In 2014, however, a WHO project found no adverse health effects by mobile phone use ( 8). In 2011, a World Health Organization (WHO)-authorized agency classified 30-kHz to 300-GHz EMR as possibly carcinogenic ( 7). Unfortunately, investigations on the effects of EMR have often been controversial. Although it remains unclear whether EMR constitutes one of these environmental factors, public concern is growing over the safety of EMR, particularly in the microwave frequency. The rise has been generally attributed to worsened environment such as work stress and air or water pollution. Epidemiology studies have revealed worldwide rise of certain health conditions such as sleep disorder ( 3), infertility ( 4), psychiatric disorder ( 5), and cancer ( 6). ![]()
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